The Tibetan Buddhist Canon

by D. Phillip Stanley

August 1, 2005

Section 3 of 3

The Tengyur

Printing of traditional Tibetan texts using woodblocks, ink, and paper.

The term “Tengyur” means “translations of treatises [on the pronouncements of the Buddha]” and consists of texts attributed to subsequent learned and realized masters of Buddhism.

This section on the Tengyur contains information on following topics:

Structure of the Tengyur

All editions of The Tibetan Buddhist Canon are internally organized by cateogries which are a complex combination of doxographical/doctrinal categories and literary genres. These schemes are crucial for understanding how Buddhists traditionally understand affiliations between various texts, as well as the literary, intellectual, and practice traditions that organized these texts. The schemes are thus utilized within the Tibetan Buddhist Canonical Collections Project to provide browsing access to the canons both for individual editions and the integrated master. In the future, we will be documenting the character and history of each classification with scholarly essays.

These classifications are generally explicitly identified either in the volume title page and/or in the vertical left hand box on pages.

Tengyur Organizations

The following five charts show the number of texts, number of non-standardized pages, number of standardized pages (standardized on an average Peking Kangyur and Tengyur page size), average text size in non-standardized pages, and average text size in standardized pages for each genre in each of the four Tengyurs, arranged according to the genre order of the Derge Tengyur. This data was generated based on the analytical fields already present in the Filemaker Pro canonical database of Naropa University that not only includes searchable genre fields but summarizing fields for calculating sub-totals for numbers of pages in each genre in each collection and so forth.

The Tengyur Genres: # of Texts
With Standardized Treatment of Split/Combined Texts
Tengyur Sūtra Genres
	Peking	Cone	Derge	Urga	Narthang	Lhasa	Combined
bsTod tshogs	63	64	71	N/A	64	N/A	73
Sher phyin	40	38	38	N/A	40	N/A	41
dBu ma	257	158	158	N/A	257	N/A	264
Mdo sde	40	40	40	N/A	40	N/A	40
Sems tsam	66	66	66	N/A	66	N/A	66
mNgon pa	18	18	18	N/A	18	N/A	18
’Dul ba	45	46	46	N/A	45	N/A	47
sKyes rab	8	8	8	N/A	8	N/A	8
sPring yig	42	45	45	N/A	42	N/A	45
Tshad ma	69	66	66	N/A	69	N/A	69
sGra mdo	28	36	36	N/A	28	N/A	37
gSo ba rig pa	7	7	7	N/A	7	N/A	7
bZo rig pa	17	15	15	N/A	17	N/A	21
Lugs kyi bstan bcos	12	18	18	N/A	21	N/A	24
sNa tshogs	132	77	122	N/A	131	N/A	142
Total Sūtra	844	702	754	N/A	853	N/A	902
Tengyur Tantra Genres
Rgyud	3,136	2,623	2,623	N/A	3,129	N/A	3,191
Total Tantra	3,136	2,623	2,623	N/A	3,129	N/A	3,191
Total Tengyur	3,980	3,325	3,377	N/A	3,982	N/A	4,093

The Tengyur Genres: # of Non-Standardized Pages
Pages Stated in Unique Page Sizes of Each Tengyur
Tengyur Sūtra Genres
	Peking	Cone	Derge	Urga	Narthang	Lhasa	Combined
bsTod tshogs	590	590	514	N/A	556	N/A	613
Sher phyin	10,603	9,508	9,118	N/A	10,342	N/A	10,664
dBu ma	12,640	10,725	10,850	N/A	12,356	N/A	13,506
Mdo sde	6,658	5,679	5,561	N/A	6,444	N/A	6,658
Sems tsam	10,433	8,984	8,894	N/A	10,055	N/A	10,433
mNgon pa	7,464	6,399	6,344	N/A	7,246	N/A	7,464
’Dul ba	12,350	10,466	10,227	N/A	11,732	N/A	12,354
sKyes rab	2,367	2,850	2,776	N/A	2,238	N/A	2,367
sPring yig	678	551	551	N/A	640	N/A	694
Tshad ma	15,761	13,016	12,785	N/A	15,303	N/A	15,761
sGra mdo	1,394	2,621	2,565	N/A	1,247	N/A	2,882
gSo ba rig pa	4,026	3,583	3,531	N/A	3,852	N/A	4,026
bZo rig pa	278	191	196	N/A	319	N/A	307
Lugs kyi bstan bcos	128	339	355	N/A	466	N/A	653
sNa tshogs	10,106	3,617	6,564	N/A	9,652	N/A	10,173
Total Sūtra	95,476	79,100	80,823	N/A	92,448	N/A	98,555
Tengyur Tantra Genres
Rgyud	62,317	46,933	46,513	N/A	59,937	N/A	63,270
Total Tantra	62,317	46,933	46,513	N/A	59,937	N/A	63,270
Total Tengyur	157,792	126,033	127,335	N/A	152,384	N/A	161,825

The Tengyur Genres: # of Standardized Pages
Standardized into Equivalent # of Peking Pages
Tengyur Sūtra Genres
	Peking	Cone	Derge	Urga	Narthang	Lhasa	Combined
bsTod tshogs	590	592	609	N/A	592	N/A	613
Sher phyin	10,603	10,655	10,655	N/A	10,603	N/A	10,664
dBu ma	12,640	12,971	12,971	N/A	12,640	N/A	13,506
Mdo sde	6,658	6,658	6,658	N/A	6,658	N/A	6,658
Sems tsam	10,433	10,433	10,433	N/A	10,433	N/A	10,433
mNgon pa	7,464	7,464	7,464	N/A	7,464	N/A	7,464
’Dul ba	12,350	12,337	12,337	N/A	12,350	N/A	12,354
sKyes rab	2,367	2,367	2,367	N/A	2,367	N/A	2,367
sPring yig	678	694	694	N/A	678	N/A	694
Tshad ma	15,761	15,353	15,353	N/A	15,761	N/A	15,761
sGra mdo	1,394	2,849	2,849	N/A	1,394	N/A	2,882
gSo ba rig pa	4,026	4,026	4,026	N/A	4,026	N/A	4,026
bZo rig pa	278	244	244	N/A	278	N/A	307
Lugs kyi bstan bcos	128	413	413	N/A	371	N/A	653
sNa tshogs	10,106	4,140	7,667	N/A	9,894	N/A	10,173
Total Sūtra	95,476	91,195	94,739	N/A	95,508	N/A	98,555
Tengyur Tantra Genres
Rgyud	62,317	54,855	54,855	N/A	62,370	N/A	63,270
Total Tantra	62,317	54,855	54,855	N/A	62,370	N/A	63,270
Total Tengyur	157,792	146,049	149,593	N/A	157,878	N/A	161,825

The Tengyur Genres: Average Text Size in Non-Standardized Pages
Pages Stated in Unique Page Sizes of Each Tengyur
With Standardized Treatment of Split/Combined Texts
Tengyur Sūtra Genres
	Peking	Cone	Derge	Urga	Narthang	Lhasa	Combined
bsTod tshogs	9.4	9.2	7.2	N/A	8.7	N/A	8.4
Sher phyin	265	250	240	N/A	259	N/A	260
dBu ma	49	68	69	N/A	48	N/A	51
Mdo sde	166	142	139	N/A	161	N/A	166
Sems tsam	158	136	135	N/A	152	N/A	158
mNgon pa	415	356	352	N/A	403	N/A	415
’Dul ba	274	227	222	N/A	261	N/A	263
sKyes rab	296	356	347	N/A	280	N/A	296
sPring yig	16	12	12	N/A	15	N/A	15
Tshad ma	228	197	194	N/A	222	N/A	228
sGra mdo	50	73	71	N/A	45	N/A	78
gSo ba rig pa	575	512	504	N/A	550	N/A	575
bZo rig pa	16	13	13	N/A	19	N/A	15
Lugs kyi bstan bcos	11	19	20	N/A	22	N/A	27
sNa tshogs	77	47	54	N/A	74	N/A	72
Total Sūtra	113	113	107	N/A	108	N/A	109
Tengyur Tantra Genres
Rgyud	20	18	18	N/A	19	N/A	20
Total Tantra	20	18	18	N/A	19	N/A	20
Total Tengyur	40	38	38	N/A	38	N/A	40

The Tengyur Genres: Average Text Size in Standardized Pages
Standardized into Equivalent # of Peking Pages
With Standardized Treatment of Split/Combined Texts
Tengyur Sūtra Genres
	Peking	Cone	Derge	Urga	Narthang	Lhasa	Combined
bsTod tshogs	9.4	9.2	8.6	N/A	9.2	N/A	8.4
Sher phyin	265	280	280	N/A	265	N/A	260
dBu ma	49	82	82	N/A	49	N/A	51
Mdo sde	166	166	166	N/A	166	N/A	166
Sems tsam	158	158	158	N/A	158	N/A	158
mNgon pa	415	415	415	N/A	415	N/A	415
’Dul ba	274	268	268	N/A	274	N/A	263
sKyes rab	296	296	296	N/A	296	N/A	296
sPring yig	16	15	15	N/A	16	N/A	15
Tshad ma	228	233	233	N/A	228	N/A	228
sGra mdo	50	79	79	N/A	50	N/A	78
gSo ba rig pa	575	575	575	N/A	575	N/A	575
bZo rig pa	16	16	16	N/A	16	N/A	15
Lugs kyi bstan bcos	11	23	23	N/A	18	N/A	27
sNa tshogs	77	54	63	N/A	76	N/A	72
Total Sūtra	113	130	126	N/A	112	N/A	109
Tengyur Tantra Genres
Rgyud	20	21	21	N/A	20	N/A	20
Total Tantra	20	21	21	N/A	20	N/A	20
Total Tengyur	40	44	44	N/A	40	N/A	40

Editions of the Tengyur

The history of the Tengyur has received far less study than that of the Kangyur. It appears that there is much greater uniformity among Tengyur editions than those of the Kangyur, though further study may reveal more variations than expected. At this point it is apparent that the five extant Tengyurs can be divided into two groups: the Peking, Golden, and Narthang (sṇar thang) Tengyurs in one group and the Derge (sḍe dge) and Cone (Co ne) Tengyurs in a second group.

Of the total of five Tengyurs, all of which are printed xylograph collections, four have been cataloged and are included in the database work that is the basis of the Tibetan Buddhist Canonical Collections Project, namely the Peking, Cone, Derge, and Narthang. 4,093 Tengyur texts with 162,000 pages have been identified in the “Combined Tengyur” portion of the database. The Combined Tengyur thus has 3.5 times the number of texts and 2.3 times the number of pages than in the “Combined Kangyur.”

Descriptions of Extant Tengyur Editions

The field of the canonical study of the Kangyurs and Tengyurs is undergoing rapid growth. It is quite likely that additional collections, especially Kangyurs, will come to light and that the historical links between the collections will become ever clearer. With the rapid growth in the field, is has not been uncommon that some previous interpretations of the relationships between the collections have had to be refined. At present there is no single work that definitively settles the matter of the relationships between the extant collections and their likely or possible relationships to lost collections. The summary of the extant Tengyurs that follows here endeavors to summarize the findings of many scholars with the knowledge that their will likely be changes to be made in some of the details.

The Tengyurs will be divided into two groups of related Tengyurs:

The Peking, Golden, and Narthang Tengyurs
The Derge and Cone Tengyurs

Within these categories, individual Tengyurs are generally arranged chronologically based on their dates of completion, if known. The sigla for each Tengyur will be given first, followed by a description of the collection in question. The sigla used for the different Tengyur editions in the Tibetan Buddhist Canonical Collections will follow the proposal set forth in Paul Harrison and Helmut Eimer’s “Kangyur and Tengyur Sigla: A Proposal for Standardization.” In addition, as there will be recurring references to the The Nyingma Edition of the Derge Kangyur and Tengyur and this collection was not included in the standardized sigla list, the project will utilize the sigla “NE” for it. Note that in the list that follows, the symbol “#” indicates that the University of Virginia and/or Naropa University have the texts of these Tengyurs.

The Peking, Golden, & Narthang Tengyurs

Q #: Peking xylograph impression of Tengyur prepared in 1724 under the Kangxi emperor, with 224 +1 volumes. This Tengyur is related to the Narthang and Golden Tengyurs rather than to the Derge and Cone Tengyurs, which followed it. The modern photographic Otani reprint of both the Kangyur and Tengyur form 1955-58 is somewhat widely available. There is also a partial 1977 Tengyur from the University of Tokyo that includes the dBu ma, Sems tsam, and Tshad ma sections, a copy of which is also held by the University of Virginia, as are copies of the Otani Kangyur and Tengyur.

G #: Ganden (dga’ ldan) or “Golden Manuscript” Tengyur from Central Tibet, 1731-1741. Reprinted by Chinese Nationality Library in Beijing, 1988. Related to the Narthang and Peking Tengyurs rather than to the Derge and Cone Tengyurs. Not widely available yet. This is the only extant manuscript copy of the Tengyur.

N #: The Narthang Tengyur is from 1741-1742 with 223 volumes with a supplementary mdo (sūtra) volume “Ki” added after 1763. It was created after the Narthang Kangyur of 1730-32 with 100 + 1 volumes. The Tengyur is related to the Peking and Golden Tengyurs rather than to the Derge and Cone Tengyurs. The Narthang Tengyur and Kangyur are widely available.

The Derge & Cone Tengyurs

D #: The Derge Tengyur is from 1737-1744 with 212 + 1 volumes. It was created after the Derge Kangyur of 1733 with 102 + 1 volumes. The Tengyur is related to the Cone Tengyur rather than to the Peking, Narthang, and Golden Tengyurs. It was reprinted in New Delhi in 1982 in 215 volumes. Derge Tengyurs are widely available like the Derge Kangyurs, but to a lesser degree. There is also apparently an unfinished Urga Tengyur from 1937. The Urga Kangyur is based on the Derge Kangyur, but information on the basis of the Urga Tengyur is, to our knowledge, not available. There is also apparently an unfinished Wara Tengyur from 1945 for which the basis is also unclear.

C #: Cone xylograph Tengyur (and Kangyur). The Tengyur is dated 1753-1773 with 209 volumes, which is after the Cone Kangyur of 1721-1731 in 108 volumes. Tengyur related to the Derge Tengyur rather than to the Peking, Narthang, and Golden Tengyurs. The Cone Tengyur and Kangyur are relatively rare. The University of Virginia has the texts for the Tengyur only. The Library of Congress has the Kangyur texts.

Tengyur Catalogs

Cataloging Project

The Tibetan Buddhist Canonical Collections Project will be compiling an electronic catalog of the entire collection of texts within The Tibetan Buddhist Canon as represented by seventeen catalogs of the Kangyur and Tengyur, making it available not only to specialized scholars but to the general public as well. Users will be able to view the catalog information for an entire edition, for a single volume, or for a given thematic section of the canon. In addition, the master catalog will provide integrated access to comparative data across all the editions, including a comprehensive presentation for browsing organized thematically by traditional classification systems. Using a system of cataloging already developed by THDL, the current project will have the capacity to link the following directly to the catalog records: XML-encoded etexts and digital images of the physical artifact, as well as translations and modern scholarship.

Editions used for Catalogs

The Project will include six catalogs of various editions of the Tengyur (for a full description of editions go to the (for full descriptions go to the Tengyur editions page):

4 xylograph Tengyurs: Narthang, Peking, Derge, and Cone; proofed.
2 early canon catalogs for no longer extant collections: Denkarma and Buton Rinchendrup’s catalog embedded in his history of Buddhism.
2 catalogs of teachings received: 5th Dalai Lama and Minling Terchen.

We are excluding the following two catalogs until we obtain access through their copyright holders:

Dharma Publishing (although this is just repaginated Tohoku with additional unique texts from other editions).
1 Taisho correspondence table to the Nyingma Edition of The Tibetan Buddhist Canon.

We will catalog one edition – the crucial Derge edition – to the chapter level, and will also input colophons. For texts not in the Derge but in another edition, their chapters and colophons will be input from at least one other edition in a set sequence (first Narthang, then Peking).

Tengyur Bibliographies

Bibliography of Catalogs of the Tengyurs

Barber, Anthony W. The Tibetan Tripitaka, Taipei Edition. Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1991.

Beckh, Hermann. Verzeichnis der Tibetischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Vol. 24, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Berlin: Behrend & Co., 1914.

Chattopadhyaya, Alaka. Catalogue of Indian (Buddhist) Texts in Tibetan Translation, Kanjur & Tanjur (Alphabetically Rearranged): Vol. 1 Texts (Indian Titles) in Tanjur. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Indo-Tibetan Studies, 1972.

Cordier, P. Catalogue du Fonds Tibétain de la Bibliothèque Nationale: Deuxième Parte, Index du bsTan-ḥgyur (Tibétain 108-179). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1909.

———. Catalogue du Fonds Tibétain de la Bibliothèque Nationale: Troisième Parte, Index du bsTan-ḥgyur (Tibétain 180-332). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1915.

Csoma de Körös, Alexander. “Abstract of the Contents of the Bstan-Hgyur.” Asiastic Researches 20, no. 2: 553-85.

Hakuju Ui, Munetada Suzuki, Yenshō Kanakura, and Tōkan Tada, eds. Chibetto Daizōkyō Sōmokuroku/A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons (Bkaḥ-ḥgyur and Bstan-ḥgyur). Sendai: Tōhoku Imperial University, 1934.

Jikidō Takasaki. “Tōkyō Daigaku Shozō Rasa-ban Chibetto Daizōkyō Mokuroku/A Catalogue of the Lhasa Edition of the Tibetan Tripiṭaka in Comparison With Other Editions.” Tokyo, 1965.

La Vallée Poussin, Louis de. Catalogue of the Tibetan Manuscripts from Dunhuang in the India Office Library. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Lalou, Marcelle. Inventorie des Manuscrits Tibétains de Touen-houang Conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale: Vol 1, nos 1-849. 2 vols. Vol. 1, Fonds Pelliot Tibétain. Paris: Librarie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Adrienne-Maisonneuve, 1939.

———. Inventorie des Manuscrits Tibétains de Touen-houang Conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale: Vol 2, nos 850-1282. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Fonds Pelliot Tibétain. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1950.

———. “Les Textes Bouddhiques au Temps du Roi Khri-sroṅ-lde-bcan: Contribution à la Bibliographie du Kanjur et du Tanjur.” Journal Asiatique 241 (1953): 313-53.

———. Répertoire du Tanǰur d’après le Catalogue de P. Cordier. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1933.

Ligetti, Louis. “Répertoire du Kanǰur Mongol Imprimé.” Acta Orientalia Hungarica 41, no. 3 (1978 [1979]): 341-496.

Nishioka Soshū. “‘Putun bukkyōshi’ Mokurokubusakuin 1/Index to the Catalogue Section of Bu-ston’s ‘History of Buddhism’ 1.” Tōkyō daigaku bungakubu Bunka-kōryū-kenkyū-shisetsu Kenkyū Kiyō 4 (1980): 61-92.

———. “‘Putun bukkyōshi’ Mokurokubusakuin 2/Index to the Catalogue Section of Bu-ston’s ‘History of Buddhism’ 2.” Tōkyō daigaku bungakubu Bunka-kōryū-kenkyū-shisetsu Kenkyū Kiyō 5 (1981): 43-94.

———. “‘Putun bukkyōshi’ Mokurokubusakuin 3/Index to the Catalogue Section of Bu-ston’s ‘History of Buddhism’ 3.” Tōkyō daigaku bungakubu Bunka-kōryū-kenkyū-shisetsu Kenkyū Kiyō 6 (1983): 47-201.

Shin’ichiro Miyake. “Comparative Table of the Manuscript Tenjur in dGa’-ldan Monastery with the Peking Edition of Tenjur.” Annual Memoirs of the Otani University Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Research Institute 17 (2000): 1-65.

Shōdō Nagashima. “Taishō Daigaku Shozō Chibetto Daizōkyō Narutan-ban Kanjūru Mokuroku.” Taishō Daigaku Kenkyū Kiyō/Memoirs of Taishō University 61 (1975): 726-60.

Shyuki Yoshimura. The Denkar-ma: An Oldest Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons. Vol. 18. Kyoto: Ryukoku University, 1950.

Skilling, Peter. “A Brief Guide to the Golden Tanjur.” Journal of the Siam Society (n.d.): 138-46.

Suzuki, Daisetz T., ed. Catalogue and Index: The Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition, Reprinted under the Supervision of the Otani University, Vol. 165-168. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1960.

Taishun Mibu. “Taishō Daigaku Shozō Chibetto Daizōkyō Naruta-ban Ronbobu Mokuroku/A Comparative List of the Tibetan Tripitaka of Narthang Edition (bsTan-ḥgyur Division) With the sDe-dge Edition.” Tokyo, 1967.

Tarthang Tulku. The Nyingma Edition of the sDe-dge bKa’-’gyur and bsTan-’gyur: Research Catalogue and Bibliography: Volumes 1-8. 8 vols. Oakland, CA: Dharma Publishing, c 1982.

Yamaguchi, Zuihō, R. Kimura, S. Harada, S. Nishioka, and R. Uesugi. Sutain Shushu Chibetto-go Bunken Kaidai Mokuroku /A Catalogue of the Tibetan Manuscripts Collected by Sir Aurel Stein. 12 vols. Tokyo: Tōyō Bunko, 1977-1988.

Bibliography of Articles on the Tengyurs

Eimer, Helmut. “Introductory Remarks.” In The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, edited by Helmut Eimer and David Germano, 1-12. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

———. “Notes on the Mustang Tanjur.” In The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, edited by Helmut Eimer and David Germano, 73-128. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

———. Transmission of the Tibetan Canon: Papers Presented at a Panel of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995. Edited by Helmut Eimer. Vol. 3, Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the IATS, Graz 1995. Graz: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997.

———. “Zur Einordnung zweier Handschriften des Tibetischen Pravrajyāvastu aus Mustang in die Kanonische Überlieferung.” Zentralasiatische Studien 28 (1998): 12-30.

Eimer, Helmut, and David Germano, eds. The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. 10 vols. Vol. 2, Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Grönbold, Günter. Der Buddhistische Kanon: Eine Bibliographie. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984.

Harrison, Paul, and Helmut Eimer. “Kanjur and Tanjur Sigla: A Proposal for Standardization.” In Transmission of the Tibetan Canon: Papers Presented at a Panel of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995, edited by Helmut Eimer, xi-xiv. Graz: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1995.

Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. “The Lhan kar ma as a Source for the History of Tantric Buddhism.” In The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, edited by Helmut Eimer and David Germano, 129-49. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Kwansei, Tamaura. “A History of Translation of Buddhist Canon.” Young East: 3-7.

Ratia, Alpo. “Review of Śūnyatāsaptativṛtti: Candrakīrtis Kommentar zu den ‘Siebzig Versen über die Leerheit’ des Nāgārjuna (Kārikas 1-14), Introduced, Translated and Edited by Felix Erb, (Tibetan and Indo-Tibetan Studies, 6) Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997.” Tibet Journal 24, no. 2 (1999): 84-9.

Samten, Jampa, and Jeremy Russell. “Origins of the Tibetan Canon with Special Reference to the Tshal-pa Kanjur (1347-1349).” In Buddhism and Science, 763-81. Seoul: Dongguk University, 1987.

Scherrer-Schaub, Cristina A., and Ernst Steinkellner (Eds.). Tabo Studies II, Manuscripts, Texts, Inscriptions, and the Arts. Vol. 87, Serie Orientale Roma. Roma: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, 1999.

Shin’ichiro Miyake. “On the Date of the Original Manuscript of the Golden Manuscript Tenjur in Ganden Monastery.” In Annual Memoirs of the Otani University Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Research Institute, 13-16. Kyoto, 1995.

Shinten Sakai. “Deruge-ban Chibetto Daizōkyō Tōhoku Mokuroku Hoi.” Bunka 9 (1942): 281-87.

Skilling, Peter. “From bKa’ bstan bcos to bKa’ ’gyur and bsTan ’gyur.” In Transmission of the Tibetan Canon: Papers Presented at a Panel of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995, edited by Helmut Eimer, 87-111. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997.

———. “Theravādin Literature in Tibetan Translation.” Journal of the Pali Text Society 19 (1993): 69-201.

Tamura Kwansei. “A History of Translation of Buddhist Canon.” Young East (n.d.): 3-8.

Tucci, Giuseppe. “Tibetan Notes. 1. The Tibetan Tripitaka.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12 (1949): 477-81.

Vogel, Claus. Vāgbhaṭa’s Aṣṭạ̄ṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā: The first five chapters of its Tibetan version. Vol. 37.2, Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Weisbaden: Franz Steiner, 1965.

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