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II.3. Cubic mountaintop tombs
Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur
Basic site data
- Site name: Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur
- Site number: E-30
- Site typology: II.3
- Elevation: 5070 m to 5130 m
- Administrative location (township): Götsang TöRgod tshang stod
- Administrative location (county): GarSgar
- Survey expedition: TUE
- Survey date: September 17, 2005
- Contemporary usage: None.
- Identifiable Buddhist constructions: A single inscribed plaque.
- Maps: UTRS V
- View Place Dictionary Entry
- View Sites Images
General site characteristics
Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur is located on the southern end of a ridge system that divides the two main valley systems of GötsangRgod tshang. The summit portion of this ridgeline site rises 270 m above the river that flows around its south side. The summit and upper flanks of the site are cloaked in red and beige talus (of volcanic origins?). Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur enjoys expansive eastern and western vistas. There are somewhat lesser views to the south, and to the north, higher sections of the same ridge system block the view. The cubic tombs of Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur are mostly aligned in the cardinal directions. They are each constructed of thick slabs up to 90 cm in length. Many of these tombs were built on top of small rock outcrops. The majority of the tombs form a single line of structures on the narrow east-west oriented ridgeback. There is also a slab-wall enclosure among the cubic tombs of Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur.
Oral tradition
According to local sources, Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur is associated with the ancient MönMon.
Site elements
Funerary Structure FS1
Funerary structure FS1 (3.1 m by 2 m) is situated on a shelf, lightly blanketed with talus. It is located below the summit ridge, on the northwest side of the hill. This highly degraded cubic tomb has been reduced to 1 m or less in height. Only small coherent wall fragments have endured. A depression in the top of the structure coincides with the location of the central chamber (reliquary). Approximately 40 m west of FS1 there is possibly another cubic tomb but the remains are so degraded as to be inconclusive.
Funerary structures FS2 to FS12 are situated on the summit of the ridge.
Funerary Structure FS2
Funerary structure FS2 is the most easterly specimen on the summit. Reduced to its base, FS2 measures 1.6 m (north-south) by 2.5 m (east-west). Some of the stones of this cubic tomb were used to construct an adjacent wall with a much more recent pedigree.
Funerary Structure FS3
Funerary structure FS3 (2.8 m [north-south] by 2.4 m [east-west] by 1.2 m [maximum height]) is situated 18 m west of FS2. The central chamber has been gutted and the south side of the tomb has collapsed.
Funerary Structure FS4
Funerary structure FS4 (2.5 m by 3.4 m by 1.7 m [height]) is situated 10 m west of FS3. Like the outer shell itself, the partly intact central chamber (95 cm by 80 cm) is aligned in the cardinal directions. The south side of FS4 has mostly collapsed. An old plaque inscribed with Buddhist prayers rests on this tomb.
Funerary Structure FS5
Funerary structure FS5 (3.1 m by 2.5 m by 1.4 m) is situated 5.4 m west of FS4. There is a gaping cavity (1 m by 70 cm) that extends all the way to ground level where the central chamber once sat. The masonry that lined the central chamber is entirely missing.
Funerary Structure FS6
Funerary structure FS6 (2.3 m by 2.6 m by 1.2 m) is situated 7 m west of FS5. The partly intact central chamber (90 cm by 80 cm) is mostly filled with stones.
Funerary Structure FS7
Funerary structure FS7 (1.9 m by 1.2 m by 1.2 m) is situated 13.5 m west of FS6. It is found just below the summit on the south side of the mountain. The central chamber is aligned in the cardinal directions, and measures 80 cm (east-west) by 40 cm (north-south). The alignment of the central chamber and the ridgeline upon which it was built may suggest that regeneration and the journey to the afterlife were envisioned as processes akin to the rising and setting sun.
Funerary Structure FS8
Funerary structure FS8 (1.5 m by 1.7 m by) is situated less than 1 m down slope of FS7. Largely leveled to its foundation, the base of the central chamber is still visible.
Funerary Structure FS9
Funerary structure FS9 (1.6 m by 1.5 m by 90 cm) sits on the summit and is situated 22 m southwest of FS8. It is aligned in the cardinal directions. Between FS8 and FS9, there is an enclosure (4 m by 13 m) on the summit with walls around 50 cm in height. These walls are composed of stacked slabs and slabs that were propped up. This enclosure appears to have had some type of funerary ritual function.
Funerary Structure FS10
Funerary structure FS10 (2 m by 2.5 m by 80 cm) is situated 5.2 m west of FS9. This tomb has largely collapsed.
Funerary Structure FS11
Funerary structure FS11 (1.8 m by 1.8 m) is situated just below the summit, 11.8 m southwest of FS10. It is found on the south side of the ridge. FS11 has been leveled to its foundation.
Funerary Structure FS12
Funerary structure FS12 (1.8 m by 1.9 m) is situated on the west edge of the summit, 9 m west of FS11. Although it has been reduced to its foundation, the base of the central chamber is partly intact. In close proximity, there is a small cairn standing on the edge of the summit.
Funerary Structure FS13
Funerary structure FS13 (2.2m by 2.4 m by 70 cm) is situated on the sloping ridgeback, 14 m southwest of FS12. It is located approximately 7 m below the summit.
Funerary Structure FS14
Funerary structure FS14 (2.3 m by 2.3 m by 70 cm) is situated 6.5 m down the spine of the ridge from FS13. FS14 is found about 2 m vertical below FS13. Most of the base of the tomb has endured. It is aligned in the cardinal directions.
Funerary Structure FS15
Funerary structure FS15 (2 m by 3.5 m) is situated on the ridgeline, 47 m west of FS14. There is an approximately 20 m vertical difference between FS14 and FS15. FS15 has been almost leveled.
Funerary Structure FS16
Funerary structure FS16 (2.3 m by 2.5 m by 2 m) is situated 6 m west of FS15 at the same elevation. The central chamber (90 cm by 70 cm) is partly intact in this relatively well preserved cubic tomb.
Funerary Structure FS17
Funerary structure FS17 (2.5 m by 3.3 m by 70 cm) is situated 14 m northwest of FS16 and about 6 m vertical directly below it (52.998΄ / 44.843΄ / 5100 m). This heavily damaged specimen is the most westerly of the cubic tombs of Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur.
Affiliated sites
Changla TakCang la btags
Changla TakCang la btags is said to be a very deep and extensive limestone cave complex located in Götsang TöRgod tshang stod (32° 07.580΄ N. lat. / 80° 46.919΄ E. long. / 4740 m). The narrow mouth to the cave is found on a steep limestone slope and it has an eastern aspect. From the entrance, a ledge circumvents a sink hole. About 20 m to 40 m from the mouth of the cave there are human bone fragments scattered about the cave. These probably represent the remains of coherent burials that have been disturbed by people entering Changla TakCang la btags. The cave complex was penetrated to a distance of about 150 m from the entrance through narrow passages and vertical tunnels with no other objects of archaeological interest being detected.
A large fragment of a human tibia removed from the cave floor was submitted for radiocarbon analysis. This sample yielded the following chronological data:
AMS, sample no. Beta-255675; conventional radiocarbon Age: 1610 +/-40 BP; 2 Sigma calibrated result (95% probability): cal 380 to 550 CE; intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal 420 CE; 1 Sigma calibrated result (68% probability): cal 410 to 450 CE.
As these chronometric results indicate, at least a portion of the Changla TakCang la btags burial most probably dates to the fifth century CE. This geographically, if not culturally, corroborates an ancient Chinese literary account that cave burials were practiced in Zhang ZhungZhang zhung. The T’ang Annals note that in Zhang ZhungZhang zhung (Yang t’ung), on a day determined by divination to be propitious, a corpse was deposited in a secret cave or inaccessible place.226
There is no reason to believe that the Changla TakCang la btags cave burial was unique and we might expect that more will be discovered in Tibet over time.
Directly below Changla TakCang la btags there is a quadrate structure locally identified as a “möndurmon dur” (07.500΄ / 46.917΄ / 4550 m). This platform-like structure (2.9 m by 3.7 m) is built of unhewn limestone blocks, a maximum of 90 cm in length. There are up to three vertical courses of blocks making up the structure, and it has a maximum height of 80 cm. There is a similar, but less well preserved structure situated, 22 m downhill.
Notes
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- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- A Typological Description and Analysis of Archaic Monuments
- I. Residential Monuments
- II. Archaic Ceremonial Monuments
- II.1. Stelae and accompanying structures: Funerary and non-funerary structures
- Beltsa Gyangtrok DoringBal tshwa gyang khrog rdo ring
- Gurchen DoringGur chen rdo ring
- Khusé DoringKhu se rdo ring
- Jangdé DoringByang sde rdo ring
- Sana Marri DoringSa sna dmar ri rdo ring
- Drukmö Doring’Brug mo’i rdo ring
- Doring TsotraRdo ring mtsho bkra
- Tara DoringRta ra rdo ring
- Drama Nakgu DoringGra ma nag gu rdo ring
- A Serchung Doring’A ser chung rdo ring
- Ukpa Lung Doring’Ug pa lung rdo ring
- Gyaplung DoringRgyab lung rdo ring
- Marchö DoringMar mchod rdo ring
- Sakti DoringSag thi rdo ring
- Luma Archung DoringLu ma ar chung rdo ring
- Nangchu DoringNang chu rdo ring
- Naklhé DoringNag lhas rdo ring
- Lumö Tanak DoringKlu mo’i rta nag rdo ring
- Tsari Lung MöndurTshwa ri lung mon dur
- Shapak DoringSha phag rdo ring
- Tangra DoringThang ra rdo ring
- Nakkhung DoringNag khung rdo ring
- Doring KarnakRdo ring dkar nag
- TekyerThes skyer
- Kekar MöndurRked dkar mon dur
- Mokyok DoringMo kyog rdo ring
- Bültang DoringBul thang rdo ring
- Kyungmö MönraSkyung mo’i mon ra
- Nakpo DoringNag po rdo ring
- Ngönmo DoringSngon mo rdo ring
- Zhalung DoringZha lung rdo ring
- Sanyel DoringSa nyal rdo ring
- Ngönmo MöndurSngon mo mon dur
- Yanglung DoringG.yang lung rdo ring
- Nyönpa Lhé DoringSmyon pa lhas rdo ring
- Garshok DoringSgar gshog rdo ring
- Lhaktsang DoringLhag tshang rdo ring
- Drangchungwa Bam DoringGrang chung ba bam rdo ring
- Gangchen DoringGangs chen rdo ring
- Nakhama DoringNa mkha’ ma rdo ring
- Shamzha DoringGsham zha rdo ring
- Doring RaktsukRdo ring rag gtsug
- Doring GyaplungRdo ring rgyab lung
- Marbuk DoringDmar sbug rdo ring
- Takpur Doring’Thag phur rdo ring
- Yachü DoringG.ya’ bcud rdo ring
- Kyao DoringSkya’o rdo ring
- Chönkhor DoringChos ’khor rdo ring
- Langchen ChewaGlang chen mche ba
- Doring Lung DoringRdo ring lung rdo ring
- Gyatengbur DoringRgya steng ’bur rdo ring
- Langchen DopurGlang chen rdo phur
- Khyiu DurtröKhyi’u dur khrod
- Dzatsok DoringRdza tshogs rdo ring
- Doring NakkhaRdo ring nag kha
- A Ong DoringA ’ong rdo ring
- PaktukPags mthug
- Drakgo DoringBrag sgo rdo ring
- Na NakpoSna nag po
- Khorbuk Doring’Khor sbug rdo ring
- Zhingsa DoringZhing sa rdo ring
- Horduk DoringHor dug rdo ring
- Lhalung DoringLha lung rdo ring
- Jamri DoringByams ri rdo ring
- Tratsang DoringKhra tshang rdo ring
- Omatsé Doring’O ma tshe rdo ring
- Gokdeu DoringSgog rde’u rdo ring
- Khangmar DzashakKhang dmar rdza shag
- Tsengo DoringBtsan sgo rdo ring
- DomilangRdo mi lang
- NgoringSngo ring
- DoringRdo ring
- Nyungkar DoringNyung dkar rdo ring
- Nyenta DoringGnyan rta rdo ring
- KyiserSkyid gser
- Chunak DoringChu nag rdo ring
- Rinchen Chundé DoringRin chen chu ’ded rdo ring
- Tara DoringRta ra rdo ring
- Sharma DoringShar ma rdo ring
- Mönbu DoringMon bu rdo ring
- Dralung DoringGra lung rdo ring
- Dowa SumpaRdo ba gsum pa
- Pelmo TakpurDpal mo ’thag phur
- Gyachung MöndoraRgya chung mon rdo ra
- Gyachen MöndoraRgya chen mon rdo ra
- DoringRdo ring
- DoringRdo ring
- GyamngönGyam sngon
- SokpoSog po
- Dröwo DoringGros bo rdo ring
- DolhéRdo lhas
- Donak DoringRdo nag rdo ring
- DomilangRdo mi lang
- Drakbuk DoringBrag sbug rdo ring
- Trachap DoringKhra chab rdo ring
- TsendoBtsan rdo
- Drankhor DoSbra ’khor rdo
- Kanyin DoringKa nyin rdo ring
- Gyungnak Tsuk DoringGyung nag gtsug rdo ring
- Nyerma Gyam DoringGnyer ma gyam rdo ring
- Jiri BukByi ri sbug
- Tsoksum DoringTshogs gsum rdo ring
- DoringRdo ring
- RokhungRo khung
- Drarong MöndurGra rong mon 'dur
- Dolang NyidrikRdo lang gnyis sgrig
- Lukdo Möndur KhungLug rdo mon dur khung
- Jori DoringJo ri rdo ring
- Droklhé DoringGrog lhas rdo ring
- Zangdong MöndoZangs gdong mon rdo
- II.2. Superficial structures: Primarily funerary superstructure
- Drak TsangpoBrag gtsang po
- Purang KhyölSpu rang ’khyol
- Dziden Chungwa MöndurBrdzi gdan chung ba mon dur
- Burkar Zhung’Bur dkar gzhung
- Nakra MöndurNag ra mon dur
- Tsapo DeumburTshwa po rde’u ’bur
- Drakratar MöndurBrag ra thar mon dur
- Deumbur Nakri MöndurRde’u ’bur nag ri mon dur
- Rindzin MöndurRi ’dzin mon dur
- Rirung MöndurRi rung mon dur
- Jorkhok’Byor khog
- Sergam MöndurSer sgam mon dur
- Luma Drak MöndurLu ma brag mon dur
- NyenmarGnyan dmar
- Chöser MöndurPhyod ser mon dur
- Nelé DrakNe le brag
- Nakra Drakseng MönraNag ra brag seng mon ra
- Beltsa GyangtrokBal tshwa gyang khrog
- Gyamnak MönkhangGyam nag mon khang
- Nyerma Gyam MöndoGnyer ma gyam mon rdo
- Jiu MöndoByi’u mon rdo
- Dripra MöndurGrib ra mon dur
- SechungSe chung
- DingdumSdings zlum
- Ser RiriSer ris ris
- Keltra MöndurSkal khra mon dur
- Name unknown
- Name unknown
- Mandep NupmaDmar ldebs nub ma
- Dramé DzukGra ma’i rdzugs
- Tratsang MöndurKhra tshang mon dur
- Nara MöndurSna ra mon dur
- Ronggo MöndurRong mgo mon dur
- KarkhukDkar khug
- GönroDgon ro
- RonglungRong lung
- Gyeltsen TönpoRgyal mtshan mthon po
- DarchenDar chen
- MarrongDmar rong
- RachenRa chen
- Migön ChönyiMi mgon chos nyid
- GokriSgog ri
- SerlungGser lung
- TsemdaRtse mda’
- TrachenBkra chen
- SangkharBsang mkhar
- SholopukSho lo phug
- Darlung GyangroDar lung gyang ro
- DringakGrib ’gag
- Naser TangGna’ gser thang
- Tsokgi MöndurBtsog gi mon dur
- GyamgyaGyam rgya
- Dorjé DzongRdo rje rdzong
- TsakamTshwa skam
- Trandra MöndurKhra ’dra mon dur
- Drak NakpoBrag nag po
- Omlung’Om lung
- Gyangro NadongGyang ro sna gdong
- Zhunmé DoZhun ma’i mdo
- DeurukRde’u rug
- NyaNya
- NedéGnas sde
- Genmo DeumburRgan mo rde’u ’bur
- Chumik Do LatséChu mig mdo la btsas
- Shongdo RaShong rdo ra
- Tara MönraRta ra mon ra
- Belmo MöndurBal mo mon dur
- Bumtor Chok Möndur’Bum gtor mchog mon dur
- Trachap MöndurKhra chab mon dur
- Salung MöndurSa lung mon dur
- Gakchen’Gag chen
- Shakdé MöndurShag sde mon dur
- Demchok MöndurBde mchog mon dur
- KolokKo logs
- RakderRag sder
- DraktsukBrag gtsug
- NakgyamNag gyam
- Tsanyer Marmbur MönkhangTsha gnyer dmar ’bur mon khang
- Chutiku MönkhangChu thig’u mon khang
- Doring BarmaRdo ring bar ma
- Radra Khordo MöndurRa gra ’khor rdo mon dur
- Dungri Rachung MöndurDung ri ra chung mon dur
- Ritil Tsuk MöndurRi mthil gtsug mon dur
- Pöri MöndurSpos ri mon dur
- KyipzhungSkyibs gzhung
- Tsitsi Mönré TangkaRtsi rtsid mon ra’i thang kha
- Chepu MöndoraChad phu mon rdo ra
- SemodoSe mo do North
- KhandokKha ’dogs
- Tsodo MöndurMtsho do mon dur
- Gyamngönpo MöndurGyam sngon po mon dur
- Unknown
- II.3. Cubic mountaintop tombs
- Trashi DarlungBkra shis dar lung
- Endritsé MöndurAn ’bri rtse mon dur
- Drönchung’Bron chung mon dur
- NyukriSmyug ri
- Drakrel ChokBrag ral lcog
- GomkhorSgom ’khor
- Gyamchung MöndurGyam chung mon dur
- Milam KhyilamMi lam khyi lam
- Denjangri Mukpo DongLdan byang ri smug po gdong
- Tsuk SerraGtsug ser ra
- Gyaruk MöndurRgya rug mon dur
- Dzari RakpaRdza ri rag pa
- PaktukPags mthug
- Cheri TeldzongPhye ri thal rdzong
- Yadra TrikG.ya’ sbra khrigs
- Tagen GyamnariRta rgan gyam sna ri
- Tremo KharSpre mo mkhar
- Rübel MukpoRus sbal smug po
- Tsokgi MöndurBtsog gi mon dur
- ShankhorwaShar ’khor ba
- Alhé Möndur’A lhas mon dur
- Yitsé KharYid rtse mkhar
- Selhé MönkhangGsas lhas mon khang
- II.4. Shrines and miscellaneous constructions
- II.1. Stelae and accompanying structures: Funerary and non-funerary structures
- Supplemental Data on Archaeological Sites First Surveyed before 2001
- DzongserRdzong ser
- Dangra Khyung DzongDang ra khyung rdzong
- Lhalung DruppukLha lung sgrub phug
- TrizhungKhri gzhung
- Shakgang Topo DoringShag gang mtho po rdo ring
- Mertum Chukmo DoringMer btum phyug mo rdo ring
- Pelmo DoringDpal mo rdo phur
- Doring MarmoRdo ring dmar mo
- Doring ChakraRdo ring lcags ra
- Towo MarhrangTho bo dmar hrang
- Chupur DopurChu phur rdo phur
- KyelungSkye lung and LungsumLung gsum
- Milhé KhordoMi lhas ’khor mdo
- Tsamé Gösa MöndurRtswa med god sa mon dur
- Tamchok Ngangpa DoRta mchog ngang pa do
- Tables of the Names and Locations of All Archaic Monuments and Rock Art Sites Documented to Date
- Questions concerning the accuracy of site names
- I.1. Residential Structures Occupying Summits
- I.2 Residential Structures in All Other Locations
- II.1 Stelae and Accompanying Structures
- II.2 Superficial Structures (Primarily Funerary Superstructures)
- II.3 Cubic Mountaintop Tombs
- II.4 Shrines, Minor Stone Constructions and Miscellaneous Structures
- III. Agricultural Structures
- IV. Earthworks
- V.1 Petroglyphs
- V.2 Pictographs
- Map Index
- Bibliography